Orthorexia: how Our Obsession With Healthy Eating is Making Us Unhealthy

Orthorexia is an unhealthy obsession with eating only "clean" or "healthy" foods. Orthorexia was first identified in 1998, although some believe it to be a recent phenomenon. The term was coined by Dr. Steven Bratman to describe an unhealthy fixation on eating only healthy foods. 

Driven by the increasing awareness of heart disease, many individuals started paying closer attention to their diet and following food trends recommended by healthcare professionals. The emphasis on the importance of healthy eating contributed to the rise of orthorexia. It's characterized by an extreme fixation on the quality and purity of one's diet, often at the expense of overall well-being. 

Orthorexia takes this pursuit of health to a higher level. It becomes an unhealthy obsession that can disrupt a person's social life, mental health, and physical well-being. Many people might think that being obsessed with healthy eating is a good thing, but orthorexia takes it to an extreme. It's more than just eating well; it's an all-consuming fixation on quality, and righteousness when it comes to food choices.

This obsession often leads to restrictive eating patterns, fear of certain foods, and an intense need for control over one's diet.

While it may start with good intentions, it can quickly spiral into an unhealthy obsession that negatively impacts both physical and mental health. Striving for nutritional perfection may seem appealing, but it can have negative consequences. 

While research on the specific causes of orthorexia is limited, certain risk factors have been identified, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies and a history of or current eating disorders. In some instances, orthorexia may present itself as a more socially acceptable means of food restriction. Also, Individuals with perfectionistic tendencies, high levels of anxiety, and a desire for control are also at greater risk of developing orthorexia. Additionally, social factors such as knowledge about nutrition, higher income, access to "clean" foods (such as organic produce), use of social media, and weight stigma or bias are associated with behaviors related to orthorexia.

Advocates of “clean eating” promote the consumption of whole, minimally processed foods, which are indeed beneficial for health. However, the term "clean eating" carries a moral judgment by labeling other foods as "dirty" or undesirable and this moralization contributes to the stigmatization of certain foods, thereby exacerbating eating disorders like orthorexia.

It is important to note the physical, psychological, and social effects of orthorexia. Severe malnutrition, digestive problems, and weakened immune systems are physical consequences that should not be underestimated. Psychologically, individuals with orthorexia may experience intense frustration, guilt, and self-loathing when their food-related habits are disrupted.  This excessive time scrutinizing the purity and cleanliness of foods, interferes with their ability to function in daily life. Socially, rigid eating patterns and the belief in their superior food habits can lead to isolation and difficulties participating in social activities centered around food.

Orthorexia, not yet officially recognized as a medical condition, has received less research attention compared to other eating disorders. According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 28.8 million people in the United States alone are estimated to have an eating disorder, with orthorexia being one of the emerging concerns. Its prevalence has been on the rise, potentially linked to the increasing influence of social media. A recent study discovered that 49% of individuals following healthy eating accounts on Instagram met the criteria for orthorexia

Also, athletes, particularly those focused on fitness and well-being, are more susceptible to orthorexia. Around 52% of non-professional athletes, including regular gym-goers, are believed to experience orthorexia. Various studies have indicated that women may be more affected by orthorexia than men, with estimates ranging from 21% to 57.6% of the general population displaying orthorexic behaviors. Among U.S. college students, less than 1% experience significant impairment or medical problems due to orthorexia, but up to 71% engage in behaviors that may indicate orthorexic tendencies. 

Beyond the physical and mental health consequences, orthorexia can also have a profound effect on an individual's social life. Relationships can suffer as social events revolve around food, making it difficult for someone with orthorexia to participate fully. Additionally, the constant stress and anxiety about food choices can lead to a diminished quality of life and a sense of isolation.

Even though it's not yet officially recognized as a distinct disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is still a major condition that's gaining more attention. And this is really sad because it seems like the pursuit of health has taken a dark turn for some people.

While social media can offer motivation and inspiration, it's essential to recognize that it often presents an idealized and filtered version of reality. The perfectly sculpted bodies and seemingly effortless workout routines can create unrealistic expectations that can be detrimental to our mental and physical well-being. We need to remember that these images are often the result of carefully curated posts, professional lighting, and sometimes even photo editing. Comparing ourselves to these unrealistic standards can lead to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and a never-ending pursuit of an unattainable ideal. And it's not just about appearance. The fitness industry also promotes exercise obsession, where people feel compelled to push themselves to extremes in pursuit of a particular body shape or size. This obsession can lead to overtraining, injuries, and even burnout.

So, what can we do to address this issue of orthorexia?

Awareness and education are key. It's important to recognize that health is about balance and not about rigid rules or strict dietary regimes. We need to promote a more compassionate and inclusive approach to health. 

Some treatment options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, family therapy, support groups, and nutritional counseling. The treatment of orthorexia follows similar approaches used for other eating disorders. If you suspect you or someone you know may be struggling with orthorexia, it's important to reach out for professional help. Registered dietitians, therapists, and support groups specializing in eating disorders can provide the necessary guidance and support to overcome this challenging condition. 

And in therapy, individuals can establish a safe and supportive relationship to address the underlying beliefs that contribute to their obsession with healthy eating. Also. the focus shifts towards developing a healthy relationship with food rather than solely fixating on its health value. Flexibility with food choices can be challenging due to societal pressures, which have heightened our concern for health and food. It is crucial to recognize the negative impact of diet culture and the need to prioritize a balanced and sustainable approach to eating. 

Dive deeper into this topic with us our latest episode on the How To: Fitness podcast: